An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English Essay

An Effective Technique and Material in Learning English English has an important role in many aspects of life. This statement leads us to the reason of why this language should be taught in schools. In Indonesia, English is used as the first foreign language that should be learned by the students even from elementary school until university. In using the language, there are many elements that have to be mastered, covering reading, listening, speaking, and writing. Song refer to a piece of music that have words and can be used in language teaching. It is suggested to include songs in language learning as well. The possibility of using songs in English as a foreign language class has been actively considered for the last two decades. It is considered because songs have many values in language teaching. Orlova (2003), states that it is possible to suggest that among the methodological purposes that songs are used in class, it is possible to rank the following: 1. Practicing the rhythm, stress and the intonation patterns of the English language. 2. Teaching vocabulary, especially in the vocabulary reinforcement stage 3. Teaching grammar. In this respect songs are especially favored by teachers while investigating the use of the tenses. 4. Teaching speaking. For this purpose, songs and mainly their lyrics are employed as a stimulus for class discussion 5. Teaching listening comprehension 6. Developing writing skills. For this purpose a song can be used in a variety of ways. From the songs, we can learn many things such as vocabulary, grammar, listening, speaking, writing, and of course reading. Benefit of Song Griffe (1992: 4) points out some advantages in using songs and music in the language classroom. There are some categories mentioned by Griffe, namely in classroom atmosphere, cultural input, text and student interest. They are as follows; 1. Songs create enjoyable classroom atmosphere Dealing with classroom atmosphere, songs and music can be used to make students relaxed and provide enjoyable classroom conditions. 2. They can introduce the culture of the songs. Either songs or music is reflection of the time and place that produce them. When the teacher brings songs into classroom, he will also bring the culture of the songs in the classroom. 3. Songs can be used as texts Songs also can be used as texts in the same way that a poem, short story or novel provided in the language classroom. From explanation above, songs have many benefits. Some of them are songs can motivate the students and make them more confident in their ability to listen the materials. The Criteria of Song Selection The important thing about choosing a song to do with a class is to make sure that the lyrics are clear. It can be very frustrating for the students not to understand a word. The recording should also be a good one. Lynch (2008), provides three principal song selection criteria, as follows: 1. Use songs that are popular with the students whenever possible. Unfortunately, students frequently select songs for classroom use which are objectionable in some way making the song unusable. 2. Songs must have clear and understandable lyrics. Nothing is worse than a song almost nobody can understand. If you have trouble understanding the lyrics by listening, then another song needs to be selected. 3. Songs should have an appropriate theme. There’s enough bad news, negativity and violence in the world already. Songs with any type of negative theme should be avoided. There are plenty of positive, upbeat, even humorous songs available. It is realized when teaching the students; we should choose the songs with suitable level of difficulty. The suitability of the song is a particularly important issue. It should be known whether or not the students like the song. The use of Singing Procedure There are various ways of using songs in the classroom. The level of the students, the interests and the age of the learners, the grammar point to be studied, and the song itself have determinant roles on the procedure. Apart from them, it mainly depends on the creativity of the teacher. Some examples of these techniques are: 1. Gap fills or close texts . Focus questions 3. True-false statements 4. Put the lines into the correct sequence 5. Dictation 6. Add a final verse 7. Circle the antonyms/synonyms of the given words 8. Discuss Many experienced textbook and methodology manual writers argue that songs have a great educational value. It can’t be denied that children, teenagers, and adults like music. While they are singi ng it, they are also doing other activities like learning, remembering new vocabulary, studying to pronounce words, etc. So, let’s try to learn English by using song and get the result!

Is Homosexuality a learned behavior or biological Essay

Homosexuality is a controversial issue within any society in the world and has been debated upon in the public in recent years. The debate on homosexuality has typically concentrated on the social and legal issues surrounding the concept and little regard has been given to the cause of the problem. The controversy that has surrounded the homosexuality issue has spread to the determination of the cause of the phenomenon. This has been brought about by those arguing that homosexuality is caused by environmental factors whereas others argue that homosexuality is caused by biological factors. This paper is going to give an analysis of whether homosexuality is a learned behavior or a biological one. Homosexuality: Homosexuality is a concept that has been controversial in many societies. Though the behavior has been widely spoken about in the recent past, it was almost forbidden in the traditional societies and anyone involved was considered immoral. Homosexuality has been defined as a romantic attraction towards individuals of the same sex. Homosexuality is therefore part of the three notable sexual orientations exhibited in human species which also include bisexuality and heterosexuality. Homosexuality has elicited a strong debate not only on its acceptability within the society but also regarding its causes. The controversy has led to the legal and social implications of the issue dominating the media as well as the biological debate sparked by the research finding in the recent past. The central question in regard to the causes of homosexuality has been on whether homosexuality is caused by biological concepts or it is a learned behavior that has been entrenched in the cultural norms (Lawrence, para 1). Homosexuality is characterized by an individual having sexual preference with others of the same sex. In females, such preferences are referred to as lesbianism whereas in males it is called gay. This is in contravention to the conventional societal expectations of heterosexuality. Homosexuality has been met with social consequences especially for those with same sex sexual preferences. It has been estimated that between 2 and 5 percent of males are gays whereas between 1 and 2 percent of females practice lesbianism (Pease & Bull, para 5). In the United States, despite the eminence of the phenomenon, most of the states do not approve of same sex marriages. It has been previously thought that homosexuality is a choice and that individuals do learn the behavior. A survey conducted in 1970 indicated that over 40 percent of the public were of the opinion that the young gays had learned the habit from the older ones (Pease & Bull, para 5). Homosexuality as a biological behavior: In the development of the child, genetics that are inherited from the parents play a vital role in the determination of character and behavior. Genes are known to carry all the biological information and may be incorrectly placed during the cell division process through mutations. Homosexuality is considered as coming from gene mutation in human development. The biological explanation of the homosexual behavior was given impetus by Simon Levay who discovered that the hypothalamus of the brain in homosexuals was small compared to heterosexuals. He concluded that differences in the brain formation were responsible for homosexual behavior (Queer Foundation, para 4). There is also a hormonal imbalance amongst the homosexuals. Hormones are responsible for controlling and stimulating the body and therefore any imbalance in hormones will lead to disorientation in the erotic attraction (Queer Foundation, para 4). Research has continued to point towards a biological cause of homosexuality. There are certain observations that point to the biological causes of homosexuality as observed by Dan Eden. According to Eden, the heterosexuals and homosexuals exhibit observable differences that have a biological orientation. He observed that the index and the ring fingers are about the same in length for heterosexual women whereas in men, the index finger is usually shorter compared to the ring finger. On the contrary, lesbians’ finger length were more like men’s and this is also seen in other character traits including eye-blink patterns and other male traits (Eden, para 1). Research has also indicated the differences in the brain of the males and females. Studies that have been conducted indicate that there is sexual dimorphism in the hypothalamus of the two sexes. The males have shown greater differences in terms of cell numbers compared to the females in this part of the brain. Studies have indicated that between two and four of the Interstitial Nuclei of the Anterior Hypothalamus (INAH) in males are double the size found in females. Since the INAH is responsible for sexual dimorphism, scientists believe that differences in this region of the brain are responsible for the sexual orientation in individuals (Deem, para 3). Another study done by scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden reinforced the notion that homosexuality is an inborn phenomenon. In this study, both heterosexuals and homosexuals were exposed to sex hormones and their stimulation in the hypothalamus measured. There was a great difference in how the hypothalamus in the two categories of sexual orientation reacted to sexual hormones. Upon being exposed to the male hormones, the hypothalamus in heterosexual females and homosexual males was activated but heterosexual males did not respond to the same. Similar observations were observed when female hormones were introduced. In this case, the heterosexual males’ hypothalamus got activated as opposed to heterosexual females and homosexual males (McHugh, para 3). Studies by biologists Ward Odenwald and Shan-Ding Zhang on fruit flies tend to indicate that homosexuality is a genetic issue. In their experiment, the two scientists transplanted a single gene into the flies which was responsible for the homosexual behavior that was observed. They inferred their findings to human homosexuality claiming that since there is the presence of a related gene in humans, homosexuality was a genetic issue though no much has been done to prove this claim. The two scientists are however cautious on the issue and hopes that their revelation would be important in analyzing how the genetic make up in individuals could be responsible in influencing the sexual orientation (Thompson/Bethesda, para 2). Homosexual as a learned behavior: Socio-behaviorists are opposed to the biological notion in regard to the homosexual behavior in humans. Homosexuality is attributed to the environmental factors which hold that homosexuality is a learned behavior. Behaviorists regard childhood experiences as responsible for homosexuality behavior that is exhibited by individuals. As a learned behavior, homosexuality can be traced by analyzing the play patterns during childhood, peer relations and interaction, and parental influence. Psychoanalysts in particular had extensive studies on homosexuality in trying to explain the ‘abnormal’ behavior. Their explanations seem to point to an individual’s upbringing as the main cause of the homosexuality. In simple terms, they were of the view that homosexuality was caused by environmental factors (Newman, para 1). Homosexuality has been with us since the ancient times and it was accepted in some cultures. A Greek philosopher by the name Aristophanes believed that there is a longing between two souls to get together and that sexual desire on its own is not responsible for homosexuality thus culture has greater influence on the trend. In Greece, homosexuality was practiced in ancient times between young boys and adult males as part of initiation into adulthood. In New Guinea, there are instances where young males are inseminated by tribal warriors which is allowed y their culture. In Crete, the male adolescents had to engage in a homosexual relationship as initiation to adulthood (Johnson, para 17). The social and cultural environment is therefore core in determination of the sexual orientation of the individuals. Behaviorists hold that â€Å"some sexual and gender identification differences result from roles imposed by family and friends upon children, such as the masculine and the feminine stereotypes† (Johnson, para 18). Some studies have contradicted the genetic determinism in homosexuality. If genetics were fully responsible for homosexuality, then one would expect it will be permanent. Studies have however indicated that sexual preferences can change over time especially in females. In a five-year study conducted on female homosexuals, it was discovered that more than ? abandoned lesbianism with ? reclaiming heterosexuality. Other studies have continued to reinforce the notion that sexual orientation is not fixed and can change over time. A good example is given by Kerry Pacer who was a gay advocate when in High School but later changed to a heterosexual relationship. It is therefore imperative to note that in some individuals sexual orientation is something that they can choose and thus a learned behavior. Some engage in homosexuality after being influenced by their role models or peers (Deem, para 17). For those arguing that homosexuality is a learned behavior, it is argued that children from a tender age have to be taught the acceptable standards of behavior in the society and that they should also be exposed to the right role models. Peer influence, the media and the internet has been blamed for having influenced the youth in practicing bad behaviors like homosexuality. It is obvious that in the current times teenagers discover their sexual experiences at a tender age and that any harmful patterns of sexuality can have a lasting impact on these young people. Since sexual experience is pleasurable, it is usually reinforced by the experience irrespective of whether it is acceptable or not (Dolphin, para 21). Conclusion: The controversy surrounding homosexuality is far from over. Though increased research activity has surfaced to determine its cause, there is no universal agreement on the matter as the findings can not settle on a particular cause of the issue. It will not be comprehensive to argue that homosexuality is caused by biological factors neither can it conclusively be argued that homosexuality is a learned phenomenon. The complexity surrounding the issue has led to a divided opinion on the matter. Nevertheless, it would be more accommodative to bring the two positions together and recognize that each can contribute to the same problem in a way. Biological causes can not be dismissed neither can we dissociate the environmental causes. Homosexual behavior is best understood if biological and environmental factors are incorporated.

The New Yorker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The New Yorker - Research Paper Example In 2010, the magazine employed sixteen fact checkers after sharp criticism concerning their fact checking process arose. In the following year, Adam Klasfeld in his article â€Å"Gawker Brought into New Yorker Fracas†, on the Courthouse News Service reported that the New Yorker had been sued by Peter Paul Biro for defamation on a July 2010 article. The magazine was unsuccessful in fighting for a dismissal of the case in 2012. Over the past two decades, the magazine has adopted the digital platform in its publishing and storage of material. Since the 1990s, the New Yorker published archived and the then current reports over the internet. In 2004, every cartoon printed since the inception of the magazine was published on compact discs. The magazine dà ©buted on Kindle and Nook in 2009 and went on to launch its iPad app the following year. The magazine was influential in the political scene in 2012 when it launched its online hub that centered on the coverage of the campaigns during the presidential election (New Yorker, web). This paper seeks to discuss the New Yorker’s move to go online and show why this decision is justified. The paper will also detail the application features and the benefits of this move to both the newspaper company and its audience. With technological developments, many users and organizations have favored the use of the internet for various basic functions such as communication, sales and advertising. As such, the use of smartphones and tablets has increasingly become a common occurrence among many people. These digital devices have user applications commonly referred to as â€Å"apps† that are designed to carry out a particular task. These programs are designed to run on the most common platform; android, Windows and iOS. Many businesses and organizations have adopted the use of these applications to interact with their target audience. The New Yorker is one such company (Jane, web). The magazine’s applications, known as the Goings

MOVIE REFLECTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MOVIE REFLECTIONS - Essay Example Rochel on the other hand gets tired of her family pushing her to their tradition and moves out of their house only to see how the liberated women dance and sleep around with men they do not even know well. She returns to her family and continues with the matchmaking, unknowing that her Muslim friend helped slip her dream man’s resume to her aunt who was in charge of the finding her a husband. Consequently, the two women get married and they bear their own children. Their friendship continues and they still find time to fellowship with each other. The Muslim and Jewish traditions were strict in arranged marriages. Both parties did not have the right to choose the person they are going to marry because they have to honor their parents who worked hard to find the best partners for them while they were still young. However, in the film, some modifications were made in order to adapt to the modernization of cultures. When Nasira told his parents that she did not like the man who went to ask her hand in marriage, they tried to understand her and consider her feelings and choice. They waited for the right man to come along. Similarly in the Jewish tradition, marriages are arranged even while the parties are still unable to understand the concept of marriage so that when they meet for the engagement; that would most probably be the first time they are going to see each other. Before, they would not be able to say no to their parents because they do not like to shame their families. However, as portrayed in the film, the Jews have adjusted to the modern concept of freedom to choose. Matchmakers find probable prospects for the woman who is to be married and the family gives their blessings for a date until the woman is able to find the right man to marry. The strong Jewish family bond is used to manipulate an uncooperative daughter like Rochel. Her mother threatened her with her father’s health conditions

Aerobic Respiration of germinating and non-germinating peas Lab Report

Aerobic Respiration of germinating and non-germinating peas - Lab Report Example It entailed the use of 25 germinating seeds and 25 non-germinating seeds of peas. The non-germinating seeds were used as a control experiment in the study. Its aim was to prove that respiration is a major process in the germination of seeds with CO2 as its byproduct. 25 germinating peas were obtained and dried between two pieces of paper towel. A thermometer was used to measure room temperature which was recorded in table1. The germinating peas were placed in the respiration chamber and a shaft of CO2 gas sensor placed in the opening of the chamber. After one minute carbon dioxide concentration was measured continuously for 5 minutes and results recorded. After 5 minutes, the CO2 gas sensor was removed and the peas placed in a 100 ml beaker full of cold water and an ice cube. Air was then channeled into the CO2 gas sensor for one minute through the probe shaft openings. The respiration chamber was then filled with water then emptied and dried thoroughly on the inside with a paper towel. The rate of respiration was then determined by moving the mouse pointer to the point where data values began to increase. The mouse pointer was then drugged with the left mouse button held down to the end of the data then released. The linear fit button was then clicked to perform a linear regression. The slope of the line was then recorded in table 2as m which is the rate of respiration for germinating peas at room temperature. The data was then moved to a stored run by choosing the store latest run from the experiment menu. There after 25 non-germinating peas were obtained and placed in the respiration chamber and the procedure repeated for the non-germinating peas. From the beginning before one minute elapsed immediately germinating peas placed in the respiration chamber and CO2 sensor placed, it was noted that the concentration of CO2 began to increase in smaller margin. After the one count, Co2 concentration

Interview With Winnie Francois Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview With Winnie Francois - Essay Example The first question I have asked Winnie Francois consisted in the ethical values which are of a great importance for the leaders of the non-profit organizations. Winnie said that there were various approaches to develop ethics within Meals on Wheels. The ethical values are incredibly important, he gave an emphasis, due to the reason that the key aim of any non-profit organization is not to accumulate the financial assets and income, but help those who are in need. The ethical values which have been put on the basis of the Broward Meals on Wheels are connected with the intention to help without having any benefits of the financial character. Thus, Winnie claimed, the main ethical value of our work consists in the understanding that we work to help and assist. The leaders of the non-profit agency, Broward Meals on Wheels, Winnie said were full on enthusiasm and exercised the active approach to the design of ideas and ways how to have the good intentions to be turned to life. Broward Mea ls on Wheels serves as an important mechanism and the brightest example of how the non-profit organization has to work. Another ethical value, as Winnie Francois has a conviction, consists in the desire to unite the major stakeholders and charity organizations in order to follow the common aim which comprises of the numerous approaches and means to help and make it on the constant basis. This value requires, certainly, much attempt to be done, since the search of the agents willing to help is a very complicated and long-termed task.

The Two Dominant Political Parties of the United States of America Essay

The Two Dominant Political Parties of the United States of America - Essay Example All the variances in people figures have affected, modified and changed the political approaches and arena over time. The original thinking of great minds in the early civilization of America either no longer exists or has been aptly altered or transformed. In sum, the multi-faceted US landscape resulted in the growth and development of its politics being intertwined with the ethnic compositions of the social order. Despite these factors, it is very significant and interesting to observe that the American internal political influence is shared by only two dominant parties, the Republican and the Democratic, unlike in other free sovereignties where run-off elections are an ordinary scenario caused by multi-party rumbles not giving a majority vote for any party at first instance.. Of course, there are other groups (like the Libertarian, the Constitution and the Green parties) moved by different ideological or causal beliefs but these are seemingly petty pockets which do not require much attention. The Democratic Party is the oldest political party in the US. Historically, its founding dates back to as early as in 1790 after those who followed the great George Washington started to struggle for national prominence.4 Ironically, the first president himself did not belong to any political party and he was vocal about being against the establishment of one.5 While the Democratic Party of today is commonly perceived to be liberal, its roots were not exactly identified with that perception. The passing of time together with so much changing of the guards has introduced dilutions. In the early stages of its organization, the foremost pillars of the Democratic Party, while divided, were not totally against slavery and racial discrimination. But if we go back to the 1960's, Democrat Robert F. Kennedy was a moving proponent who vigorously supported the doctrines and actions of Martin Luther King albeit there were charges of inappropriateness on the part of the former anent eliciting pr ivate information from the latter. Be it also noted that the Reverend Jesse Jackson, a true disciple of Luther King and one shining embodiment of the civil rights movement, has been a long-time stalwart of the party. On the other side of the coin, we have the Republican Party which was founded resultant of in-house fighting among the original democrats of the post-George Washington era. Among its major crusades during infancy stage, slavery and racism were condemned. In contrast, however, perception of Republican icons say another thing. Thus, Republican Ronald Reagan was criticized so much for his alleged racist and discriminatory stance despite the fact that he made into law the observation of a national day honoring Martin Luther King and the fact that he appointed the first woman Supreme Court justice. Reagan,

Referring to academic theory and drawing on examples of practice Essay

Referring to academic theory and drawing on examples of practice provide a detailed discussion on Learning and and demonstrate how it relate to the context of entrepreneurship - Essay Example This paper will explain the theory based approaches to seek clarity of custom subject-object relation. The paper will also exhibit practical applications of agnosticism and a list of differences. The narrative based theory presents a structure where a given business individual’s perception is the entrepreneurship role. The theory’s practical application justifies that an individual’s perception transforms to a reality. Another approach of the same theory reveals that given experience and expertise is significant for identifying opportunities within a community to form ventures of beneficial influence. The third application focuses on the exchange of labor, ideologies and capital investments among individuals (Scheer, 2009). Other reflective entrepreneur fields view the learning process as platform to exercise individual learning to seize opportunity and employ the same for critical decision-making. The collective learning is also a fundamental pillar of entrepreneur learning. This involves generating certain behaviors to sensitize a given entrepreneur who later incorporates available resources within a network system. The general view is to implement ski lls and expertise within disposal to improve a business entity. Entrepreneur learning is a difficult field without embracing entrepreneurial identity. The area of study requires pragmatic engagements from the theoretical approach. This concept entails establishing businesses for the applicable concepts. Entrepreneur learning equips individuals by use of tactical approaches to sustain different organization or business entities. Entrepreneur learning requires investigational or reflective phases to build an individual’s attitude for effective change and management within a business premise. Team working emerges as a major pillar to incorporating entrepreneur pillars. The overall approach to entrepreneur learning originates from the individual perspective,

12 month Integrated Marketing Communication campaign for Nike Coursework

12 month Integrated Marketing Communication campaign for Nike - Coursework Example The business will sell Nike brand of products that it produces to ideal customers cover all classes of people (Joseph, Gregory and Thomas, 2011). The products stand unique in the market because of the affordable prices that they will be charged. The owners of the business are professionals in the industry; this was to ensure that their skills can as well be combined in the production exercise. The business has future projects of expanding its operations to the foreign markets and thereby expands the markets of the business to enable the business increase the sales to greater heights and then maximize on the profits. The marketing communication campaign is very much effective in the attracting and drawing of customers to the business, creating a good image of the business and therefore retaining the loyal customers whose loyalty had been won by the business. It is also important to highlight that this campaign is very much aware of the size of the market segment that is within the capture as well as the market segment it intends to sell Nike product to. The market knowledge is very crucial as a mistake made in the location of the target market is almost to near impossible in correcting (Terence and Craig, 2012). This paper delves in the discussion of Integrated Marketing Campaign, (IMC). This can be defined as the measure that the various firms use in attempt to achieve and reach the set targets, missions, goals and objectives that were put in place during the initial stages of planning. In this approach, it is therefore important to highlight that the techniques that will be used by the firms and business institutions are complementary in nature. This is because each method kind of gives another support in one way or the other and they can be used I place of the other as well since they are all geared towards one target. In this

British Government Essay Example for Free

British Government Essay Evaluate different methods of estimating the current extinction rate. Do you think that humans will induce a mass extinction on the same scale as the Big Five? Introduction: There is consensus in the scientific community that the current massive degradation of habitat and extinction of many of the Earths biota is unprecedented and is taking place on a catastrophically short timescale. Based on extinction rates estimated to be thousands of times the background rate, figures approaching 30% extermination of all species by the mid 21st century are not unrealistic, an event comparable to some of the catastrophic mass extinction events of the past. The current rate of rainforest destruction poses a profound threat to species diversity. Likewise, the degradation of the marine ecosystems is directly evident through the denudation of species that were once dominant and integral to such ecosystems. Indeed, this colloquium is framed by a view that if the current global extinction event is of the magnitude that seems to be well indicated by the data at hand, then its effects will fundamentally reset the future evolution of the planets biota. Robert Whittaker recognized an additional kingdom for the Fungi. The resulting five-kingdom system, proposed in 1969, has become a popular standard and with some refinement is still used in many works, or forms the basis for newer multi-kingdom systems. It is based mainly on differences in nutrition: his Plantae were mostly multicellular autotrophs, his Animalia multicellular, heterotrophs and his Fungi multicellular saprotrophs. The remaining two kingdoms, Protista and Monera, included unicellular and simple cellular colonies. Extinction rates in the fossil records: The time at which an organism is classified as becoming extinct is when the youngest fossil of its form is found. It is likely that there would have been later examples of the organism present, which were simply not preserved. It is known that some genera have existed for long periods around this time without leaving any known fossil record by the phenomena of Lazarus taxa. It is believed that these organisms were simply not preserved during the time they are missing, or preserved in offshore sediments as yet undiscovered. This may also be the case with many other organisms creating the illusion they are becoming extinct before they are in reality. Ecological Evolutionary Factor affecting the past extinction: Many claim that human activity caused a large scale of plants and animals extinction. The others claim that human caused extinctions are on a similar scale to those that occurred 65 million years ago at the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary eras when most species perished including the dinosaurs. This causes two distinct worries: (1) The loss of species will harm humans (2) Quite apart from any harm to humans; there is a duty to prevent ecocide. According to Peter Raven (National Academy of Science) â€Å"We are confronting an episode of species extinction greater than anything the world has experienced for the past 65 million years. Of all the global problems that confront us, this is the one that is moving the most rapidly and the one that will have the most serious consequences. And, unlike other global ecological problems, it is completely irreversible. † Different people evaluate this duty differently. Since the purpose of these pages is establish the sustainability of material progress, Ill take the view that although biodiversity is an important amenity, we are mainly concerned with the extent to which losses of diversity are a threat to human progress. One interesting fact in the article concerns the effect of an increase in temperature on the north-south range of a plant species, especially of trees. It turns out that the northern limit of a species is determined by temperature. As that limit is approached the rate of growth goes to zero. However, the rate of growth of a species does not decline as it approaches the southern limit of its range but remains stable or even increases. What determines a species’ southern boundary is competition from other species that require high temperatures. For this reason the southern boundary of a species is likely to change slowly as its territory is gradually invaded by species liking warm temperature. The invasion is likely to begin in gaps caused by logging and various kinds of die-off. According to Lord Robert May (FRS)-Chief Scientific Adviser to the British Government. â€Å"Hardly a day passes without one being told that tropical deforestation is extinguishing roughly one species every hour, or maybe even one every minute. Such guesstimates are based on approximate species-area relations, along with assessments of current rates of deforestation and guesses at the global total number of species (which range from 5 to 80 million or more. ) While such figures arguably have a purpose in capturing public attention, there is a clear and increasing need for better estimates of impending rates of extinction, based on a keener understanding of extinction rates in the recent and far past, and on the underlying ecological and evolutionary causes. † Scientists who worry about extinctions often agree that the world will reach a new equilibrium as temperature increases assuming it does. However, they worry that the rate of increase of temperature is unprecedented and that species, especially of plants, will migrate northward too slowly and become extinct. Roughly 43 percent of the earth’s terrestrial vegetated surface has diminished capacity to supply benefit to humanity because of the recent, direct impacts of the land use. This represents 10 percent reduction in potential direct instrumental value (PDIV), defined as the potential to yield direct benefits such as agricultural, forestry, industrial and medical products. Capitalizing on the natural recovery mechanisms is urgently needed to prevent further irreversible degradation and to retain the multiple values of productive land. Differences in extinction rates among groups: Estimated Future extinction rates from the species area relations: A better way of studying rates of complete biota extinction levels has been developed with the analysis of isotopic ratios of Carbon. When life is abundant there is almost completely carbon-12 within the geological record. Enzymes within organisms, passing into organic matter faster, more efficiently accept this isotope, which becomes lithified into rock. At times of lowered biotic activity, such as at an extinction event when a lot of life has been killed, the ratio of carbon-13 within the rocks will be higher as a higher proportion of carbon will be being fixed as carbonates inorganically. Inorganic precipitation of carbon does not differentiate between the different isotopes of carbon as life does. By analyses of carbon isotope ratios it is then possible to see, by peaks in the carbon-13, at what times there has been a reduction of biotic activity. This is independent of whether organisms present are being preserved or not, and shows at what rates the extinction is occurring. Estimated future extinction rates from IUCN red Lists: Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels well known, but taxonomically diverse groups from widely different environments. If all species currently deemed threatened become extinct in the next century, then the future extinction rates will be 10 times recent rates. Although new technology provides details on habitat losses, estimates of future extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics. The 2004 IUCN Red List contains 15,589 species threatened with extinction. The assessment includes species from a broad range of taxonomic groups including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and fungi. However, this figure is an underestimate of the total number of threatened species as it is based on an assessment of less than 3% of the world’s 1. 9 million described species. Among major species groups, the percentage of threatened species ranges between 12% and 52%. The IUCN Red List identifies 12% of birds as threatened, 23% of mammals, and 32% of amphibians. Although reptiles have not been completely assessed, the turtles and tortoises are relatively well reviewed with 42% threatened. Fishes are also poorly represented, but roughly a third of sharks, rays and chimaeras have been assessed and 18% of this group is threatened. Regional case studies on freshwater fishes indicate that these species might be more threatened than marine species. For example, 27% of the freshwater species assessed in Eastern Africa were listed as threatened. Of plants, only conifers and cycads have been completely assessed with 25% and 52% threatened respectively. References: Robert M. May, John H. Lawton and Nigel E. Stork. â€Å" Assessing Extinction Rates† â€Å"Extinction Rate Analysis† http://palaeo. gly. bris. ac. uk/Palaeofiles/Permian/rateanalysis. html â€Å"Restoring the value to the worlds degraded Lands† Gretchen C. Daily â€Å"The future of biodiversity â€Å" Stuart L. Pimm, Gareth j. Russell, John L. Gittleman ,Thomas M. Brook â€Å"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species†http://www. iucn. org/themes/ssc/red_list_2004/GSAexecsumm_EN. htm References: IUCN 2001. IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3. 1. IUCN Species Survival Commission, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, pp. ii+30. Parr C. S. and Cummings M. P. 2005. Data sharing in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20: 362–363. Purvis A. and Rambaut A. 1995. Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (CAIC): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11: 247–251. Sherwood, Keith and Craig Idso (2003) â€Å"The Specter of Species Extinction Will Global Warming Decimate Earths Biosphere? † 2003 September John Lawton and Robert May â€Å"BIODIVERSITY AND EXTINCTION RATES† 17-May-2004) www-formal. stanford. edu/jmc/progress/biodiversity. html

Managerial Implications Of The Research Marketing Essay

Managerial Implications Of The Research Marketing Essay 8.3 Managerial Implications of the Research The research observed the trends of consumer liking and its implications for the Indian banks. The findings of the dissertation have a number ofmanagerialimplications for customer relationship management by banksthat contribute to liking. The banks can make their marketing strategies on the basis of results the research as it highlight the significant factors which influence customers liking. Significantly, a number of managerial implications come from this research but two major areas are customer education and problem management. The   customer education that banks should incorporate into their relationship marketing practice as educating customers has an direct impact on liking. Banks should also try to promote customer involvement in the education process (Prahalad and Ramaswamy, 2000).   The education process can be made more effective by understanding the main gaps in a clients knowledge. Burton (2002), suggests that as the level of understanding increases, customers will only have to be provided with the information required. This will eliminate the need for in-depth educational discussions.   Such knowledge would lead to a more accurate judgment, which will result in better advice being offered to the client. The second is problem management that bank management should resolve and also to enhance job satisfaction level of employees.   The increase in job satisfaction positively affects customer satisfaction as well as service quality that contribute in liking.   Problem management was found not dealt well by the Indian banks for both customers and employees. This finding suggests that service organizations need to develop strategies, specific to customer needs. It makes them more involved with the customer in finding out the solution.   Colgate and Norris, (2001) state service organizations, have very little guidance, when dealing with dissatisfied customers. The management can develop improved strategies for dealing with customers problems by applying a deeper understanding of how customers affective commitment changes their attitude towards the organization. By establishing good relationship with customers, banks can increase their profits (Ndubisi et al., 2007). Bejou et al. (1996) suggest the quality of the relationship between the customer and service-provider is an important pre-requisite to a successful long-term relationship. Ndubisi et al. (2007) point out that, to guarantee quality in relationships, banks must give and keep promises and allow customer participation. They must understand the needs of the customers and then accordingly customise their products and services. As the dissertation highlights the significance of trust and commitment in acquiring and keeping loyal customers, the banks should try to earn customers trust and commitment. Banks can earn customers trust and build quality relationships with them through proactive and reactive ways of handling conflicts, namely: solving conflicts before they are apparent; discussing the customers problems; and avoiding potential conflicts (Ndubisi et al., 2007). There are a lot of advantages linked with customer loyalty, including profitability (Ndubisi, 2003) and cost reduction. Customer loyalty increases profits and can reduce the business operating cost five to sixfold (Rosenberg and Czepiel, 1983). Loyal customers also attract new customers by positive word of mouth about a service provider (Ndubisi, 2003). In view of the above, banks should conduct extensive research to develop and implement programs that strengthen the emotional attachment between the customer and the bank.   The market research is used to understand the nature of a customers emotional bond to a company (Rust et al., 2000).

Nature Imagery and the Life Cycle in Robert Frost’s The Wind and the Ra

Nature Imagery and the Life Cycle in Robert Frost’s The Wind and the Rain In his poem â€Å"The Wind and the Rain,† Robert Frost develops a central theme, presenting a man’s reflection upon his life. As the man ages, he realizes that he spent much of his life worrying about his inevitable death instead of living his life to the fullest. The man expresses his desire to renew life at all costs; he would rather die living than spend the rest of his life concerning himself with death. Robert Frost’s theme in â€Å"The Wind and the Rain,† therefore, is that life should be lived, and one should not worry about his inevitable death, for he does not have the power to control death, only the way he lives his life. Frost uses images of nature throughout the poem to support his central theme. In part I of â€Å"The Wind and the Rain,† the speaker discusses the fact that he is aging, and his death is undeniable. He realizes that he has â€Å"let [his focus on death] drive [him] deathward,† yet he has done little to change his focus. The man regrets that he spent much of his life â€Å"[singing] of death,† wishi...

Tragedy In Things Fall Apart Essay -- essays research papers

Consider the Aristotelian tragedy. It has yet to go the way of Eddie Bauer. In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe devised a tragic African hero in Okonkwo, consistent with the classic stipulations of the figure. Thus, the novel--to its greatest practicable extent—inherently existed as a tragedy on all levels to accommodate Okonkwo. To illustrate this, I will dissect and analyze the many factors that make Things Fall Apart an exemplary model of Greek tragedy by Aristotle’s own towering ideals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First and foremost, the tragic hero must be of noble stature, occupying a high position within the community, innately embodying virtue and majesty. Okonkwo distinguished himself as an exceptional wrestler, defeating Amalinze the Cat—who had not been defeated in seven years—and winning thus a reputation as a â€Å"manly† figure. In his family compound, Okonkwo lives in a hut of his own, and each of his three wives lives in a hut of her own with her children. The prosperous compound also includes an enclosure with stacks of yams, sheds for goats and hens, and a â€Å"medicine house†, where Okonkwo keeps the symbols of his personal god and ancestral spirits and where he offers prayers for his and his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though the hero may be great, he may not be perfect. We must be able to identify with him, seeing him perhaps in others or ourselves. Having a notoriously short temper and an infamously wasteful father rendered Okonkwo imperfect, one wh...

arthritis Essay -- essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Arthritis.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Arthritis is a disease that in some way effects everyone. Whether you have arthritis or not, chances are, you know someone who does and can see the effect it has on them. There are some common misconceptions about arthritis, types of arthritis, and the causes. There are in fact some different types of the disease that most people don’t know about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. It is a degenerative arthritis (a condition in which joint cartilage breaks down). New tissue, which grows at the ends of bones, has no cartilage cap to shape it. This new bone forms into lips and ridges that grind and grate against each other and get in the way of how the joint moves. Osteoarthritis is common in older people after years of using a joint more that one usually uses one. The thin cartilage wears away on bone rubs on bone. Osteoarthritis can also result from diseases like Paget's disease (in which the long bones of the body curve), or osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis of the spine is called Spondylosis. That happens when joints degenerate and the weight of the body is supported unevenly. Other forms of arthritis can also cause what’s called a secondary osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis does not happen to all people when they get old. Only some elderly people get the disease. Women are affected more than men. Us ually their heredity and the strength of their immune systems are the reasons why. Medical science still isn’t quite sure of all the reasons why some people get it and others don’t. But they do offer some suggestions for treatment. Exercising to keep joints flexible and improve muscle strength. Different medications are used to control pain including corticosteroids, NSA... ...nbsp;  www.arthritis.org/conditions/DiseaseCenter/oa.asp Arthritis foundation (no date   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  given) Retrieved Apr. 14th, 2003 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (No author given) â€Å"Arthritis† www.kineretrx.com/rhumatoid_arthritis.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Amgen 2001 Retrieved Apr. 14th, 2003 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (No author given) â€Å"Arthritis† www.aaos.org/wordhtml/pat_educ/aritis.htm   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  American academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2000 Retrieved Apr. 13th, 2003 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (No author given) â€Å"New Studies Link Rheumatoid Arthritis and Heart Disease†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.allaboutarthritis.com/portal/DPUY/AAA DePuy Orthopaedics 2003 Retrieved Apr. 15th,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2003 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (No author given) â€Å"Examples of Rheumatic Diseases†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/arthritis/artrheu.htm#art_a National institute for   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  arthritis and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  musculoskeletal and skin disease. Feb 2002. Retrieved Apr. 16th,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002

Science and Mathematics: Al-Ghazzali, “On the Separation of Mathematic and Religion”

The selections written on mathematics and the scientific description of smallpox imparted that Islam is based on trust and faith in God and not some theory and hypothesis which can be relied upon only if it is proven through calculation, geometry, and cosmography or by logical experimentations.Because of mathematics and science, Al-Ghazzali was able to make a distinction between mathematics and religion. According to him, proving something using mathematics, when successful, will tend to eliminate religious foundations of that particular assumption.Whereas, if something is proven by religion, it does not forego or criticize mathematics. Meaning, mathematics is quantifiable and material while religious is speculative and immaterial. Believing in Islam comes from within, established because of one’s belief in God even without substantial proof.Like in smallpox, this disease is contagious with unknown cause but it has been treated and now it is considered an inactive ailment. For Al-Ghazzali, the eruption of smallpox can be compared to the problems and challenges in life. When a person is still an infant, his resistance is still weak and can be easily infected by smallpox.Meaning, he is too fragile to face life’s crises. As he grows up, he continuously learns and strengthens his faith. Along the many trials in life, he becomes strong thus when he develops into a young man, he has enough strength not to contain â€Å"smallpox.† As he matures and grows all, he becomes much wiser and with great wisdom, his values are stronger thus â€Å"smallpox† can hardly contaminate him.Focus Question #2: According to Al-Ghazzali, should mathematics and religion be separated? Why or why not?According to Al-Ghazzali, mathematics and religion should be treated separately because these two disciplines cannot be reconciled even both can explain many phenomenon in the universe. However, they do differ in their justifications since mathematics has material pr oof while that of religion is based on faith in God, thus immaterial. If an experience or fact is proven materially, it tends to condemn religion right then while religious proofs do not criticize mathematics.Central to Al-Ghazzali’s theory is that all eventualities (causes and effects) in mortal life and beyond are determined by God as expressed in religion. He despised mathematics in that those highly-educated men who professed scientific proof of things tend to forget God and the Divine Law which is evil and wicked.Moreover, Al-Ghazzali asserted that these men who bowed down to mathematics and science have lost their faith in God. As such, they praised human knowledge and capabilities without recognizing that a higher Being is there responsible for all these gifts of wisdom and intelligence.Finally, Al-Ghazzali ended with total belief in understanding through religious experience rather than approaching it intellectually as in mathematics and science. All his actions and i nferences refer to obedience and confidence in God regardless of scientific bases and calculations. For him, God should be above all earthly occurrences.Works Citedâ€Å"On the Causes of Small-Pox.† A Treatise on Small-Pox and Measles. 1848.â€Å"On the Separation of Mathematics and Religion.† The Confession of Al-Ghazzali. 1908.   

Betrayal: Best Friend

Being betrayed by your best friend is one of the most difficult things you might have to deal with. I suppose that I wouldn't really know anything about that due to never considering myself as my best friend. I guess the worst betrayal one can go through is betraying yourself. I have gone through that many times, it's awful and it hurts when it does happen. You never think that you can actually hurt yourself so terribly that it would affect your life until it happens. I've learned over the past years that you cannot sit there and think that you have a best friend unless you realize that you are your own best friend. You have to learn to love and trust yourself before you can love and put trust in a â€Å"best friend†. So I've recognized that the people I thought were my best friends throughout these years were actually just people I was associated with, acquaintances. This also shows how you can not rely on people. You always find something new about that person and some may never show their true colors. Some people may think that you can't be best friends with yourself but if you love and trust yourself you can. This is actually a good thing, it teaches you to love and care for yourself; depend on yourself and to make sure that you don't have to depend on others for advice when really you can solve the problem yourself. When I did I realized how dreadful awful I betrayed myself and also the people around me I saw how much it hurt. I told myself that I would never do it again and that I needed to learn to love myself so I could grow up and acquire a best friend the right way. One may trying to do best by not treating themselves that way anymore and to straighten up completely make sure you don't betray myself anymore. I feel that it's a lot more harmful a person to betray themselves than it is to betray another person. I have also learned that not everyone feels the same way as you, there for do not know how bad they hurt you. Most teenagers seem to think lacking empathy makes them â€Å"cool. â€Å"

Cost of equity capital Essay

Introduction The rate of return that is required is employed in evaluating equity and is the least percentage in a year that is gained by investments of a company through the investors. The cost of equity is the rate of return on investments that is required by the shareholders of a company. The paper will discuss the three models which are the dividend growth, the CAPM and the arbitrage pricing theory. This will be in order to determine which one of them is the best for anticipating the rate of return required. It will also discuss the factors that influence the beta of a company in order to determine the cost of equity. The best model for estimating the required rate of return Dividend growth model is the best for estimating the required rate of return of the company because it is simple in terms of calculations. It is not complicated to apply and enables investors to calculate the growth of their stock easily. This model does not require a specialist and accurate decisions are made on time. This model enables the firms that use it to grow in a rate that is stable and their profits grow at the same level with the dividends. This ensures the investors that the company will meet up their compulsions. It is the best because it is constant as shareholders do not receive more dividends when the company increases profits more than expected. It is a way of determining the value of a share with regard to the current value of the dividends that the company expects to achieve in the future. Dividends can be described as the cash flows that are given back to the shareholders. Recommendation to the board of directors I would recommend to the board of directors that the SLP Company should use the dividend growth model because it is not complicated. It is also certain as the investors are given a fixed rate of return enabling the company to grow steadily. The model also has a basis that is logical as the investors are paid dividends according to their shares. It is also predictable and constant and that is why I would recommend it to the board of directors. Ease of use The simplicity of using the Capital Asset Pricing Model is because it has got relatively simple formulae to use. r = rF + ÃŽ ²*(rM – rF) Where r = requisite rate of return of financial assets ÃŽ ² = financial quality beta rF = risk free pace rM = required charge of return of   market portfolio The model also determines the type of index which suites the company market. For instance, if the business owner feels that the Russell 3000 best represents the business, it is necessary to use it since it is available. The model also looks for beta asset values as computed by Google, finance and yahoo finances. The simplicity of the Arbitrage Pricing Theory is the fact that the model is not restrictive in comparison to other pricing models and theories. The ease use of the divided growth is the fact that it is both easy to use and understand. Accuracy The accuracy of the Capital Asset Pricing Model is that it provides accurate and reasonable results.   By use of its formulae correctly and enough data, accuracy is achieved easily. The fact that the Arbitrage Pricing Theory includes more factors, the theory is also considered more accurate in comparison with the Capital Asset Pricing Model. Since the dividends are fixed during payment, the divided growth is also an accurate method. The method also requires reasonable accurate in order to be effective and accurate. Assumption Capital asset pricing model is based on some fundamental assumptions. For instance, it is true that the investors have similar homogeneous beliefs based on returns for they are interested in maximizing returns commencing their investors. Additionally, the assumption that most people access information on the investment opportunities is evenly practical in a market which is perfect. On the asset pricing model, the assumption that systematic risks exist is true for the environment operated in is full of risks from the external and internal sources. The risks do not have an influence on the investment’s rate of returns. Under the dividend growth model, the fact that it is a powerful and simple tool to use its application is also limited to the businesses developing at a rate which is stable. The model also tends to ignore the organizational cycles where the businesses begin and later declines. The cost of equity is an evaluation that is used in analysis which shows the rate of return that an investor requires. This involves the dividends to evaluate them and be able to take the possibility of investing in a firm. The cost of equity (E(rj) is equal to (RRF) plus beta of the security ßj   multiplied by return on market portfolio RM   minus (E(rj)= RRF  + ÃŽ ²j  (RM  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ RRF) For Nike Company the cost of equity is 0.40% + 0.9(6.50% – 0.40%) =5.89 For Sony corporation the cost of equity is 0.40% + 1.60(9.50 – 0.40) = 14.96 For McDonald’s Corporation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the cost of equity is 0.40% + 0.40(8.50% -0.40) = 3.64 The company with higher cost of equity is McDonald’s Corporation because it has the lowest figure compared to other companies. This is because the return is too low which indicates that the cost of equity is high. The theory of finance suggests that when the possibility of investing in a company is high the cost of equity also goes high and when the possibility decreases the cost also goes down. Factors Some of the factors that influence a company beta include; the company’s tax exposure, business risk, the kind of management style, financial flexibility, the market conditions and the growth rates. These factors influence the company beta in different ways. The company’s tax exposure affects the company beta in that the debt payment’s tax is deductable. Therefore, if the origination’s tax rate is at a high position, by use of debt as a channel of financing a project for example is attractive for the deductable tax debts protects profits for the taxes. On the business risk, if the organization risk is high, the optimal arrears ratio is lower. The kind of management style lies between aggressive to constructive activities. If the management approach is aggressive, there is room for the company to become firm by the use of vital debts amounts to increase a company’s share hence development. On the other hand, if the management is constructive, it is less disposed to use the debts as a way of increasing profits. Some of the companies that acquire their finances from borrowing and debts among other methods tend to find conflicts associated with these because the growth firm revenues are not proven and are typically unstable. The market conditions are also influential on the company’s beta. For instance, if a firm has got the need to borrow money for a certain project, the fact remains that the bazaar is struggling and the investors tend to limit the access of companies to capital because of issues with, market concerns. This is likely to affect the company negatively. The financial flexibility allows organizations to raise money even in hard times. The higher financially stable a company is, the less the debts and hence fast development. Conclusion The paper has discussed the ease of the three models which include the dividend growth, CAPM and the arbitrage return theory.   It has also discussed into details the accuracy and the reality of each model in order to determine which one is the best for the company. It has shown that the dividend growth model is the best because it is easy for the company and investors to apply and calculate, it is certain and predictable, has logical basis and is constant because an increase in the earnings does not lead to increase in dividends to the investors which is very beneficial to the company. It has also discussed into details the type of factors that influence the beta of the company. The paper has also done calculations to determine the company with the highest cost of equity. It has also discussed the factors that lead to higher beta of the company. References http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/gordongrowthmodel.asp http://pages.stern.nyu.edu/~adamodar/pdfiles/valn2ed/ch13.pdf http://latrobefinancialmanagement.com/Research/Valuations/Earnings%20Growth%20and%20Stock%20Returns.pdf http://www.investopedia.com/university/concepts/concepts8.asp

Interpersonal and Effective Communication Essay

P.1 – Produce a guidance document explaining the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in a health and social care context for a new member of staff (using a hospital or care home setting) to include: Communication: text messaging, written, oral, signing, technology. Interpersonal interaction: language, non-verbal (choose 2 issues under each heading from unit specification page 3). Effective communication The role of effective communication is important in any work setting especially in any health care setting. Effective communication is when someone is getting a message across or explaining a topic fully with using the least information possible it is when information is transmitted accurately and simply such as in a hospital or care home information that any staff needs to know will be given to them in the easiest and simplest form possible. Communication although is not effective if the person you are giving the information to is not listening. Effective communication can be between colleagues or professionals and people using the services. There are many different forms of communication these include; †¢text messaging †¢written †¢Oral/verbal †¢ signing †¢ symbols †¢ touch †¢ music and drama †¢ arts and crafts †¢ Technology Text messaging This is done on an everyday basis this is done on devices such as mobile phones and computers. The messages are sent through a large ariel in space. Such as in a care home or nursery school the staff would sometimes keep in contact through text messages this is good for when they are out of work and can’t speak to each other. Written There are many different forms of written communication. Most of our communication is in written form. We have newspapers that tell us what’s happening round the world daily, also we have books about everything under the sun and we have magazines and leaflets that give information on health topics such as pregnancy, diabetes, care etc. Within in any health care setting this is important and comes into play in recording medical treatments or medicines, instructions on treatment and medication and also agreements between two people. Signing This is a way of communicating for those who are deaf they use their hands to speak. There is an official British sign language. This would come into health care frequently and in hospitals and care homes there should always be someone that knows this in case of a patient who is deaf. There are different contexts of communication these include; One to one this is one individual communicating to another individual such as in a conversation or email or instant messaging. This can occur on an everyday basis in any health care setting such as one nurse speaking to another nurse about a patient. Group This is when more than two people are communicating with each other this can range from 3 to any number such as a class lecture consisting of about 60 people. Group communication is effective as it sends the same information to the entire group at the same time. This can happen in a health care setting such as a care home when they have staff meetings. Formal This is when people use rules of language in either written or verbal communication such as in a letter from your doctor or either when you have an interview for a job. Formal communication comes into every health and social care setting such as when you’re in hospital and the doctor comes around to see you he would use formal language. Informal This is a more laid back type of communication such as if you were talking to your family or friends you don’t have to use rule of language and this can be present in some health and social care settings such as a social worker or key worker that you have known for perhaps a long time you would then be more comfortable with them and your language would be more laidback rather than formal. There are a few factors and skill that help in effective communication these include; †¢eye contact and visible mouth †¢body language †¢asking some questions †¢checking for understanding †¢silence †¢encouragement to continue †¢smiling face †¢summarising what has been said Interpersonal interaction Interpersonal interaction is the way in which we communicate and interact with each other. To have efficient communication skill in a health and social care setting is vital in helping building relationships with clients, to provide and receive information, understand and meet the needs of clients and to report on work done with clients. There are two type of interpersonal interaction these are language and non-verbal. Language Language consists of every day communication we use this on a day to day basis. There are many different types of language such as Spanish French German etc. and everybody has a first language even if they know a few our first language would be English. In a hospital there can be many people that come in on a day to day basis that don’t speak English but this can prove a barrier to communicating with that person. In most hospitals and care settings there would be a few nurses and doctors that would speak more than one language and if not an interpreter may have to be brought in. Dialect also comes under language this is the way certain people from certain places or cities speak such as wales would have a welsh dialect and England has an English dialect. This can happen in any care setting such as a care home when residents could be from different places and speak different ways the carers may not understand them as much but after a period of time they may get to know their dialect. Jargon would also come under language this is basically just a manner of talking that is very difficult to understand or even sometimes senseless. And slang would be another form of language this is very similar to dialect and is based on word people say that are not in the dictionary but a lot may know the meaning certain towns and places would have their own slang such as Derry city is well known for its slang. In a hospital if someone came in that was injured and they only talk in slang it can be very hard for the person treating them to understand although he person doing it may not even realise. We use speech everyday although some people cannot do this there are alternative ways for them to communicate with others such as picture cards for the deaf these would be cards that contain pictures on them of everyday things so that someone who cannot speak tell someone what they want or need or for someone who cannot hear so that the person communicating with them can tell them what they’re saying this would come into health care settings such as therapy like speech therapy there would be picture cards for children who cannot talk to communicate also there is electronic devices such as Light writers are small, robust, portable voice output communication aids (VOCA) specially designed to meet the particular and changing needs of people with speech loss resulting from a wide range of acquired, progressive and congenital conditions. Non-verbal Non-verbal is the way in which we interact and communicate with each other without speaking this can be in many different ways and we can do this without even knowing. These include posture that can portray to someone if you are interested of not if someone is talking to you and you’re sitting slouched and sloppy they may believe you’re not interested in what you’re saying. Facial expression can tell a person a lot such as if someone tells you something that is very surprising you would open your mouth and maybe gasp this shows the person that you are shocked without having to speak there are a number of different facial expressions for many different feelings such as happy sad angry scared etc. Reflective listening is another form such as if someone was telling you something and you are listening intensively then they know that you have got the message and that you are interested without having to ask you. Proximities is different things people need when communicating with someone such as your own personal space The amount of distance we need and the amount of space we perceive as belonging to us is influenced by a number of factors including social norms, situational factors, personality characteristics and level of familiarity. For example, the amount of personal space needed when having a casual conversation with another person usually varies between 18 inches to four feet. All these non-verbal methods communication are used in any health and social care settings on an everyday basis such as I a hospital when a consultant has to talk to someone they would use their non-verbal communication along with verbal by having good posture when talking to the person having a low voice if giving the person bad news and would also use facial expressions when the patient is talking to them to maybe let them know they understand what they’re saying.

Violence in Mass Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violence in Mass Media - Essay Example Currently, the media has become a central element of the social environment. Through the television, radio, movies, video games and the internet, a significant number of the population, particularly children are exposed to high levels of violent content. Resultantly, the frequent consumption of violent content facilitates imitative learning thus leading to increase in aggressive and violent behavior in children. The prevalent in real-world aggression and violent acts creates a need to effectively mitigate the violent content by the media so as to ensure societal well-being. An ideal intervention strategy in mitigating media violence is parental/adult intervention. Parents can play a detrimental role in restricting children’s access to media violence. The violent media content can be substituted with non-violent media content so as to promote behavioral change thus reducing the violent culture (Humphrey & Palmer 45). Parents can also play a key role in promoting media literacy. Parents/adults can educate the youth regarding the effects of violence and the mechanisms used by the media to portray violence as acceptable, useful and detached from negative consequences (Humphrey & Palmer 44). Ideally, the parents can educate the youths on the impact of too much media violence and the difference between reality and fantasy. Considering the detrimental role played by parents in child development, parental intervention is an ideal way of mitigating the impacts of media violence in the society.

Yanamano Culture as Portrayed by Chagnon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Yanamano Culture as Portrayed by Chagnon - Essay Example Anybody carrying out any study on societies should focus on the positive more than the negative side of the society. Chignon displays the Yanomami society as fierce, primitive, and violent while Sponsel sees it in another way.   The Yanomami live in Venezuela and Brazil, are full of conflict and aggression, and considered as one of the most violent tribes in the world. The tribe is also primitive in many ways as they do not wear clothes â€Å"†¦when you are stark naked, and the invention of the handkerchief is millennia away" (Chagnon 13). Chignon portrayed the Yanomami people as one of the largest society living in their traditional norms especially the organized warfare. Chagnon characterizes the tribe as fierce people amongst themselves although a number of anthropologists have disputed Chignon’s portrayal of the tribe. The tribe according to Chagnon is sly, and intimidating. For instance, when Yanomamo learned a new vocabulary â€Å"Oh shit† and later understood its offensive meaningâ€Å" they used it as often as they could in their presence" (Chignon 14). One form of violence is the duels that are ritualized among the people and can be interpersonal or inter-village with many r ituals governed by well-set rules. For instance, in the cases of physical duels to people hit each other many times until one of them retreats or collapses. The fight may involve chest pounding with fists, slapping with an open hand, or by using some weapons such as wooden clubs or long poles. Duels are mainly for resolving conflicts and sometimes act as sports like any other culture where people practice boxing. Some of the fights are due to infidelity, and jealousy. The other form of violence portrayed by Chagnon is a raid where several men waylay an enemy at dawn as he walks out from the Shabono going for a bath or elimination. The raid results in death and sometimes a massacre of ten or more people before the raiders retreat to their homes.

Ethics The Film The House I Live In Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics The Film The House I Live In - Essay Example This documentary is a powerful evaluation of the American futile and costly war on drugs that ranks the country as the globe’s largest injury. In his work, Jarecki declares that his catalyst for his project was spry in the documentary, the lady of African American origin who raised him as the parents were away at work. The lady is depicted as soulful and charming besides carrying the full weight of the world on her shoulders. In this film, it is easy to realize that simplicity is the pillar supporting the film. A spin from its center conjures a collection of a powerful dissection from frustrated and shamed agendas, compromised blood lines, inhumane decision making from the wealthy, compromised bloodlines, interviewing the jailed and their jailers, and credible persons who offer the opninions on why and how. The audience can decipher a laughable enterprise that from The War on Drugs, the phrase itself is absurd as lives are cost, families are destroyed. The American society is carefully cleansed off its enemies, racially. In this age, the drugs are purer, cheaper and easily availed than before. The documentary praises Richard Nixon in the charade’s beginning who supposedly and initially coined the media phrase with the Reagans driving it home in the 80s for vengeance. The documentary shows the audience that there has been no change, given the highly safer streets and prevalence of drugs. There is still a reckless abandon in spending.

Continental Drift Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Continental Drift Theory - Essay Example In the last part of the 20th century, modern investigations have led to the evidence of sea-floor spreading or the diversion of ocean floor from the mod-ocean ridges. Under geometric continental reconstructions evidence, Wegener proposed that the coastline geography of the continents on either side of the Atlantic Ocean have pattern and can be fitted back together like a jigsaw puzzle. Example of which are the coastlines of western Africa and eastern South America (Rogers, 2008, 93). In addition, Wegener reiterated it is the end of the submerged continental shelf that marks the line of the originally-joined continents and not the coastline-fit misconception. Geological match and continuity of structure evidence explained how there are similar rock types, succession of strata or igneous bodies which have unique characteristics were found on either side of the ocean. This evidence was observed in the similarities of the rock strata and geological structures of the Appalachian and Caled onian mountain belts of eastern USA and northwestern Europe, as well as the Precambrian rocks and geological structures similarity observed between South America and Africa (Rogers, 2008, 95). ... The modern evidence gathered during the latter part of the 20th century which has made the continental drift theory acceptable is the sea-floor spreading evidence. Modern geologists had explained the inaccessible ocean floor in Wegener’s theory and discovered striped patterns of magnetic polarities at both sides of the ocean and on mid-ocean ridges (Frisch, Meschede & Blakey, 2011, 3). Scientists and physicists during Wegener’s time rejected his idea because the forces suggested by Wegener are too weak to explain the drift of the continents. Furthermore, the lack of strong mechanism to drive continents across the ocean basins’ questioned the credibility of the Wegener’s continental drift theory, particularly the use of scientific method. During that time, Americans believed that scientific method is empirical, inductive, modest, holding close to the object of study, and is resistant to the impulse of going further (Oreskes, 2003, 11). Derived from the form er description, Americans believed that Wegener breached the scientific method because of drawing out the theory first before gathering evidence. Scientist of today accepted Wegener’s theory but used plates instead to describe the division and pattern of relative movement between regions of the Earth surface because modern physicists discovered the sea-floor spreading and the tectonic cycle (Frisch, Meschede & Blakey, 2011, 3). In addition, the process of scientific method and theory development are further improved. The scientific method starts with a question of the object/topic under investigation. Hypothesis is identified and initial experiment is done. Observation and measurement of the initial experiment took

Why Duabi become a successful city in short amount of time compare to Research Paper

Why Duabi become a successful city in short amount of time compare to other cities - Research Paper Example The economy of the city has grown in double digits for the past decade with the GDP per capita growing from â€Å"US $ 19,000 in the year 2000 to US $ 33,500 in 2006† (Matley & Laura 2007, p. 5). In fact, Dubai city has grown in stature to compete with the world’s biggest players in sectors such as port operations, financial services, tourism and construction. This research paper will evaluate the factors that have enabled Dubai to become a successful city in a relatively short period compared to other cities globally. It is evident that oil revenues have played a significant role in the economic development of most Arabic countries. Notably, the boom in oil prices in the 1970s helped the oil producing countries to obtain a cash windfall. Although Dubai had just around five percent of the oil reserves compared to other cities in the United Arab Emirates such as Abu Dhabi, its rulers realized early enough that the oil revenue had to be invested wisely so as guarantee the city economic prosperity even after the oil was exhausted (Matley & Laura 2007). Sheikh Rashid Al Makhtoum laid down the infrastructural foundations that heralded the rapid growth of Dubai as a global metropolis. The political landscape in the Middle East is different from the governance structures in the Western countries. Dubai is a monarchical state that is ruled by a prince. In as much as the political regime may not be necessarily democratic, the political environment in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates is stable (Bagaeen 2007). Thus, the stable political environment has played a critical role in attracting and facilitating investments. It should be noted in the past decades, the government of Dubai has been the leading investor in Dubai. Private investors have played a secondary role in the development of the city and it is the government that has driven the growth in

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Management - Essay Example The human resources available to an organization have a key strategic role in acquiring, implementing and maintaining a competitive strategy. Supervisors, trainers and developers play a pivotal role in improving the transfer of training by communicating their support for potential learning. The attitude and responses of supervisors, peers and trainers to the trainee can either hurt or help the whole process. The action taken by these partners before, during and after the training directly affects the likelihood that transfer will occur properly. Although organizations spend a lot of time and money on employees’ training annually, there exists no significant relationship between learning and actual job performance. However, when the learned skills are successfully transferred into effective performance, organizations can surely produce better outcomes. As the technological, economic, social and political environment is in a state of continual flux, it is critical for learning o rganizations to adjust and adapt to the dynamic market trends. Over the last decade, the role of trainers and developers has changed in an increasingly integrated world where phones, internet and improvements in infrastructure have progressively changed relationships. The pace of development is so rapid that even trained experts are unable to regulate, monitor and control its impacts properly. What may be regarded as a cultural shift in many organizations, trainers and developers need to adopt a different attitude towards their own involvement in organizations. Such prevailing market conditions also make it imperative that trainers and developers play a more active role in communicating the benefits of training and dealing with the performance problems. This paper attempts to investigate as to how and why has the role of trainers and developers changed in the last ten years. The study will also suggest future developments in the changing role of trainers and developers. Finally, the conclusion will analyze factors influencing the change and suggest effective measures for further improvements. Theory For decades, training and development of human resources is believed to have key strategic importance in determining the organization’s overall performance. As a field, training and development is considered to have evolved during the industrial revolution in America. In the present era of globalization, technological expansions have diversified the traditional role played by trainers and developers. According to a survey, a trainer these days assumes the job of a â€Å"corporate trainer, performance practitioner, lecturer, OD specialist, performance analyst, training leader, employee development specialist, operations improvement coordinator, leadership training associate, training sergeant, and continuous learning and improvement coach at the same time† (ASTD, 1996). From 2000 onwards, the role has become even more versatile with the industrial inte gration and advent of various technological aids. As the term suggests, human resource development is itself â€Å"the process of moving from one place to another, a process that we normally count as ‘change’

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Economic - Essay Example e affected by the cyclone 1 Introduction Farm market like the market for Australia’s bananas is an example of market where the forces of supply and demand work. And just like any industry, Australia’s banana industry has already faced severe short-run problems like shortage in supply and the high price of banana. These were the main issues presented by the media reports that were used in this case study. This report will try to present an economic analysis of the problems encountered by both the consumers and producers of bananas in Australia as they were the key stakeholders impacted by the issues in this case. The concepts of supply, demand, price elasticity of demand and supply, and price instability of farm products were used to analyze this case. 2 Market Demand and Supply A market is an institution or mechanism that brings together the buyers and sellers of a particular good or product (McConnell and Stanley 2005, 47). The Australia’s banana market is an ex ample of a farm market where buyers and sellers are both considered stakeholders. Buyers or consumers of bananas represent the demand side while the supply side is represented by the growers or producers of banana. 2.1 Demand Australians consume around 20 million cartons of bananas a year, which equates to one box per person per annum or 13kgs of bananas each (Drucker 2006, par.7). This means that this amount of bananas is also the amount that consumers or buyers are willing and able to buy at any price during a specific period of time or the demand (Mankiw 1997, 89). Price and the quantity demanded are inversely related as described by the Law of Demand. In this case, banana consumers who are willing and able to exchange their money to have their bananas, will buy more bananas at lower prices and tend to buy less when price is increased. This relationship is shown in Figure 1. Aside from price, there are other determinants of demand. The price and availability of related products i s one that is applicable in this case study. With the shortage in banana caused by Cyclone Larry, consumers’ demand was unchanged as they failed to look for substitute for banana. In effect, they still buy bananas despite its high price. Figure 1. Demand curve D shows the inverse relationship between price P and quantity demanded Qd. 2.2 Supply Supply is the amount of particular goods or services that producers or sellers are willing to produce and make available for sale at a given price during a specified period of time (Mankiw 1997, 91). Law of Supply explains the direct relationship of price and quantity supplied. Industry group such as Growcom and the banana growers like Naomi King (Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2006, 1) will be willing to produce and sell more bananas when price in the market is high. For them, price is also another term for income. The normal or positive relationship between price and quantity supplied is shown in a supply curve like the one belo w. Figure 2. Supply curve S shows the direct relat

Contributing factors to student achievement Essay Example for Free

Contributing factors to student achievement Essay In 2001, the No Child Left Behind Act placed even stronger responsibility on states to raise student performance. As a result of these accountability standards, states must now administer standardized tests to â€Å"measure adequate yearly progress† of all students (2001). They face costly federal mandates and must submit comprehensive plans. The federal law also focuses on narrowing the achievement gap between races. It requires that states monitor the performance of racial and economic subgroups and undertake corrective action in failing schools (Wong, 2004). †¦states are implementing policies that provide incentives to attract and retain teachers and increase student performance. Incentives are helping states recruit new teachers into the work force, attract persons from outside education, retain teachers in the classroom and support accountability programs that focus on school-by-school efforts to boost student achievement (Cornett and Gaines, 2002). Researchers examining student performance consistently find that one of the most important influences on student achievement is socioeconomic status (SES) of students. These findings give little comfort to educators in economically disadvantaged schools who are facing heavy pressure to improve performance and close the gap between minority and white students. Yet Verstegen and King (1998) claim that a growing body of research is using better databases and more sophisticated methodological strategies to provide evidence that school policies can make a positive difference in student outcomes. They also emphasize that resource patterns that optimize performance in one setting do not necessary work in others. Encouraged by this line of thinking, the researcher will investigate factors that may explain the differences in performances in schools that share a common socioeconomic context. Are there choices made by policymakers and administrators in economically disadvantaged schools that spark significant improvements in performance in these schools? In this study, the researcher will assume the significance of SES or â€Å"input† factors in explaining achievement, and the researcher considers the impact of other factors over which schools have some control. Impact of Process Variables Although the statistical models will include measures for SES (percent of economically disadvantaged students and percent white students), the focus will be on process variables. The latter include those variables that school systems more or less control. The researcher categorizes these variables into three general areas: 1) school class size 2) school policies and 3) proven effective programs to increase student reading proficiency. One of the most controversial characteristics of schools is the amount of students per teacher (FTE). Production function research on the effects of school size has been inconclusive, and both sides have their advocates. Supporters of small schools contend that students get more attention, school governance is simpler, and teachers and administrators are more accessible to parents. Noguera (2002) states that in high schools where the majority of low-income students of color are achieving at high levels the one common characteristic is the small size of the schools. Lee and Burkam found that students are less likely to drop out of schools with fewer than 1,500 students (2003). However, others argue that large schools are able to offer students a wider range of educational offerings and services (â€Å"Still Stumped,† 2002). Recent research indicates that the effects of school size may depend on the SES of students. Findings show consistently that the relationship between achievement and socioeconomic status was substantially weaker in smaller schools than larger schools, that is, students from impoverished communities are much more likely to benefit from smaller schools. On the other hand, a positive relationship exists between larger schools and the output measures of affluent students (Lee and Smith, 1996; Howley and Bickel, 1999). Because this study will examine the performance of economically disadvantaged students, the researcher expects to find a negative relationship between school size and achievement scores. That is, the larger the school, the less likely students are to achieve on standardized tests. The relationship between class size and positive student achievement is another relationship that has been closely studied. In 2000, Congress allocated $1. 3 billion for class size reduction as a provision of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (Johnson, 2002). Most of the studies that examine the effect of class size on student performance have focused on primary schools. One of the largest and most scientifically rigorous experiments was the 1985, Tennessee’s Student Achievement Ratio (STAR) study. The STAR project provides compelling evidence that smaller classes can improve student achievement, especially in primary schools, which could have lasting effects (1985). The four year longitudinal study focused on classes in Tennessee and consisted of grades kindergarten through third. Classes of thirteen to seventeen students were compared to classes of twenty-two to twenty-six students; of the total classes, some had just one teacher and some had a teacher and aid. Phase one included over three hundred classes and a total of 6500 students (1985). The result after four years was positive support for the reduction of classroom sizes which proved to have positive effects on student achievement. Some critics have pointed out the limitations of project STAR (Vinson, 2002). A couple of limitations listed in a report by Tony Vinson in 2002 were: 1) limiting sample of certain cultural groups 2) schools volunteered to participate in the study, suggesting they had motivation to use innovative teaching practices. In 1996, Mostellar, a statistician, reported; â€Å"the Tennessee Class Size study demonstrates convincingly that student achievement is better in small K-3 classes and the effect continues later in regular-sized classes (1996). In a follow-up study, Nye, Hedges and Kontantopoulos (1999) found that students of smaller class size continued showing significant advantages over students of regular-sized classes, throughout school, to graduation. These students demonstrated higher grades, took more challenging classes, had better graduation rates and were more likely to go on to college (Vinson, 2002). Wisconsin’s Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (Vinson, 2002), began in the 1996-1997 school year and was expanded in 1998-1999 and again in 2000-2001 (Wisconsin Dept. of Public Instruction). The objective of the program is to improve student achievement through the implementation of four school improvement strategies: class sizes no more than 15:1 in grades K-3; increased collaboration between schools and their communities; implementation of a rigorous curriculum focusing on academic achievement; and improving professional development and staff evaluation practices. Schools in SAGE have renewable 5-year contracts with the state and get state aid equal to $2,000 for each low-income child in the grades served by the program. During 2005-06 495 schools participated in SAGE (up from 30 when the program began). Just over 93,000 K-3 pupils were served. State funding, which was $4. 5 M in 96-97 will be $98. 6 M in 2006-07. A few districts are also benefiting from a state categorical aid program created in 1999 to help schools pay debt service on the cost of new classrooms built to accommodate SAGE (DPI).

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay Example for Free

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Essay 1. How do you  explain the Mariner’s killing of the albatross? I would describe the Mariner’s killing of the albatross as very ungrateful. If the albatross had not come along, the entire crew would have most likely died in the ice field. The Mariner was completely senseless in shooting the albatross; therefore, of course there was going to be very bad consequences. The consequences tend to be even worse than death at some points. The albatross did the Mariner and his crew a favor, by saving their lives, and the Mariner ungratefully shoots and kills his own savior. The lonely sailors treat the albatross like a person, a â€Å"Christian soul.† In Christian symbolism, Christ is sometimes metaphorically compared to a bird; hence, the albatross can be a symbol for Christ. Since the Mariner senselessly shot the albatross, he was persecuted, which is why the rest of his trip did not go very well. The poem describes the bird as a holy thing â€Å"hailed in God’s name.† The Mariner is like the Christian who commits sins, causing Christ to die on the cross. It’s God’s rules that Man should respect all of His creations; the albatross is part of God’s creations. In respecting the albatross, the Mariner would be respecting God himself. Furthermore, if the Mariner decided to respect God, and his creations, he may have had a better remainder of a trip. 2. One literary critic has said that the poem begins in despair and ends in hope. Telling the tale leaves the Mariner â€Å"free† for a time. Another critic has called the Mariner â€Å"the voice of experience that transcends what man can learn in space and time.† Discuss the validity of these ideas in relation to the poem as you understand it. Lastly, connect the theme of redemption to another literary work we have studied. 3. The idea of one’s life beginning in despair and ending in hope reflects the idea of redemption. The mariner begins the poem in despair and guilt after he has killed the sacred albatross. The guilt is present in both the natural and the super natural world and is clearly depicted in the albatross that hung around his neck. It is not until the mariner appreciates both nature and prayer that he has found the road to redemption. The mariner is condemned to a life in death situation placing him in a different world than everyone else. He teaches us through space and time in his new form of living. He learns from his sins and searches for the path of redemption. The Christian allegory shows the bridge between the idea of fate being chosen for you and the ability to redirect fate. Like in The Scarlett Letter, Hester Prynn was searching for redemption from the sin she committed. She was forced into another world in which no one could quite understand. She had to overcome the judgments of another society and achieve her redemption in which she found in the natural world, her house in the woods, and the supernatural world, he redemption with God. 4. One scholar believes the Wedding Guest is chosen because he represents â€Å"unsophisticated innocence preoccupied with pleasures of the moment in a universe of whose full dimensions and population he is quite ignorant.† As a result of hearing the Mariner’s tale, the Wedding Guest changes, becoming â€Å"a sadder and wiser man.† Of what has he been forlorn (deprived)? Address this criticism in light of your understanding of Coleridge’s narrative. I believe that the Wedding Guest becomes, in a sense, under the possession of the Mariner. The wedding-guest sat on a stone,/He cannot choose but hear;/And thus spake on that ancient man,/The bright-eyed mariner (Rime 1.17-20). The Mariner even refers to the guest as immature when he says that he â€Å"listens like a three years child.† After the Mariner’s story comes to an end, it is affirmed that the Wedding Guest has taken in knowledge that dramatically changes him as a human. He went like one that hath been stunned/And is of sense forlorn:/A sadder and a wiser man,/He rose the morrow morn (Rime 7.622-625). I believe that the Wedding Guest is the type of person who tends to take everything in his life for granted; hence, he wanted a change in his routine life. This story was one of the many instances that changed a person. I definitely see this as a point of reflection in his life, of what his life used to be. It can also be seen as a prevention to change his way of thinking before it becomes much too late.